True Lavender References
Lavandula angustifolia

 The bibliographic citations are derived from Medline databases through the National Library of Medicine. 

Sedative effects 

Effects on hair loss

Effects on muscle spasms 

Effects on phlegm

Effects on allergic response

Effects on pain 

Anti-microbial activity   

Use as a chemotherapy agent

Effects on atherosclerosis

Effects on wounds

 

 Sedative effects

Holmes C, Hopkins H, Hensford C, MacLaughlin V, Wilkinson D, Rosenvinge H. (2002). Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study. Intl J Ger Psych, 17:305-8.

Summary: 15 patients identified with behavioral problems from a long-term care unit were recruited for this study. They all had severe dementia. A communal area of the
unit was diffused with a lavender oil stream for ten treatment sessions. Results showed a significant improvement in agitated behavior during aromatherapy when
compared with placebo.

Itai T, AmayasuH, Kurigbayashi M, Kawamura N, Okada M, Momose A, Tateyama T, Narumi K, Uemastsu W, Kaneko S. (2000). Psychological effects of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 54(4):393-7.

Summary: 14 female patients treated with chronic hemodialysis were studied for the effects of lavender oil and hiba oil on mood and anxiety. The effects were measured
using the Hamilton scale for anxiety (HAMA) and the Hamilton scale for depression (HAMD). Hiba oil aroma significantly decreased the mean scores for both
depression and anxiety and lavender oil aroma significantly decreased the mean scores for anxiety (HAMA). 

Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jager,W., Dietrich, H. Plank, C. (1991). Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Z Naturforsch, 46(11-12): 1067-72.

Summary:  These researchers investigated the sedative properties of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and of its main constituents--linalool and
linalyl acetate on mice. They found that mice who inhaled lavender and its constituents showed a significant decrease in activity, and that this decrease was
closely related to exposure time to the oils. 

Guillemain, J., Rousseau, A., Delaveau, P. (1989). Neurodepressive effects of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill.  Ann Pharm Fr, 47(6):337-43.

Summary:  Mice were fed a 1.6% dilution of essential oil of lavender. Sedative effects were observed with some tests.  Lavender significantly increased the sedative effects
of pentobarbital by increasing sleeping time.

Diego MA; Jones NA; Field T; Hernandez-Reif M; Schanberg S; Kuhn C; McAdam V; Galamaga R; Galamaga M. (1998). Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int J Neurosci, 96(3-4):217-24.

Summary:  Following inhalation of essential oil of lavender, subjects showed increased beta power on EEG patterns, suggesting increased drowsiness, and reported feeling
more relaxed with less depressed mood.  Their math computations were faster and more accurate following the inhalation.  Following inhalation of rosemary, s
ubjects showed decreased alpha and beta power on EEG patterns, suggesting increased alertness. They also reported less anxiety, and felt more relaxed and
alert. Their math computations were faster but not more accurate following the inhalation.  

Dunn, C., Sleep, J., Collett, D. (1995). Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. J Adv Nurs, 21(1):34-40.

Summary:  122 patients admitted to an intensive care unit were randomly allocated to receive a massage, aromatherapy with lavender oil, or a period of rest.  The patients
r eceiving aromatherapy reported a significant improvement in their mood and perceived level of anxiety.

Elisabetsky E, Marschner J, Souza DO (1995). Effects of Linalool on glutamatergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res, 20(4):461-5.

Summary: Linalool is a  major component of various essential oils including lavender, where it can constitute up to 50% of the oil. This study investigates the pathway of the
sedative effects of linalool which, the authors state, include hypnotic, anticonvulsant and hypothermic properties. They found that linalool inhibits glutamate binding
in the rat cerebral cortex and suggest this as a reason for linalool's effects on the central nervous system. 

Tasev, T., P. Toleva, V. Balabanova. 1969. Effet neuro-physique des huiles essentielles bulgares de rose, de lavande et de geranium [Neurophysical effect of Bulgarian essential oils from rose, lavender and geranium]. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 11(5):307–317.

Summary: A summary of this article is not currently available.

Effects on muscle spasms

Gilani AH, Aziz N, Khan MA, Shaheen F, Jabeen Q, Siddiqui BS, Herzig JW (2000). Ethnopharmacological evaluation of the anticonvulsant, sedative and antispasmodic activities of Lavandula stoechas L. J Ethnopharmacol 71(1-2):161-7.

Summary: This study tested a water-methanol extract of Lavender Stoechas flowers on mice.  It significantly lowered the severity of induced convulsions and had a
sedative effect comparable to diazepam (Valium). The extract also relaxed contractions in rabbit intestinal muscle similar to calcium channel blockers like
verapamil. The researchers found the extract to have anticonvulsant and antispasmodic activities.

Lis-Balchin M, Hart S (1999). Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia P. miller). Phytother Res, 13(6):540-2.

Summary:  In this study, true lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) inhibited  muscle spasms for both smooth and skeletal muscle of rodents. In particular, uterine and intestinal
muscle was tested, along with skeletal muscle. The spasmolytic effect was thought to be mediated through cAMP. It was also found that the mode of action of
linalool, a major constituent of true lavender, was similar to the whole oil.

Effects on allergic response

Kin, H.M., Cho, S.H. (1999). Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol,51(2): 221-6.

Summary: Lavender essential oil was used both on and under the skin of mice to test cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reaction.  The researchers found that lavender
oil inhibited these allergic reactions by mast-cell degranulation.

Coulson IH, Khan AS (1999). Facial 'pillow' dermatitis due to lavender oil allergy. Contact Dermatitis, 41(2):111.

Summary: A summary of this article is not currently available.

Anti-microbial activity

Nelson RR (1997).  In-vitro activities of five plant essential oils against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.  J Antimicrob Chemother, 40(2):305-6.

Comment in: J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 Mar;43(3):427-8

Summary:  A summary of this article and comment are not currently available.

Frohlich, E. 1968. Lavender oil, review of clinical, pharmacological and bacteriological studies. Contribution to clarification of the mechanism of action. [In German]. Wien Med Wochenschr 118(15):345–350.

Summary: A summary of this article is not currently available.

Effects on atherosclerosis

Nikolaevskii, VV, Kononova, NS, Pertsovskii, AL, Shinkarchuk, IF (1990). Effect of essential oils on the course of experimental atherosclerosis. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, (5): 52-3.

Summary:  Inhalation of essential oils of lavender and monarda by rabbits reduced cholesterol content and atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta, producing an angioprotective
effect.  However, the oils did not reduce blood levels of cholesterol. 

Effects on hair loss

Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD (1998). Randomized trial of aromatherapy.  Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol, 134(11):1349-52.

Summary: 86 patients will alopecia areata (hair loss) were studied in this randomized, double-blind, controlled, 7-month trial, with follow-up at 3 and 7 months. One group
had essential oils of thyme, rosemary, lavender, and cedarwood diluted in jojoba and grapeseed massaged into their scalp daily.  The control group had just the
carrier oils jojoba and grapeseed massaged into their scalp daily. 44% of the patients receiving the essential oils showed improvement, compared with 6% in the
control group. The authors concluded that the essential oils were a safe and effective treatment for hair loss. 

Effects on phlegm

Charron JM (1997).  Use of Lavandula latifolia as an expectorant. J Altern Complement Med, 3(3):211.

Summary: A summary of this letter is not currently available.

Use as a chemotherapy agent

Ziegler, J. 1996. Raloxifene, retinoids, and lavender: "me too" tamoxifen alternatives under study [news]. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(16):1100–1102.

Summary: A summary of this letter is not currently available.

Effects on pain

Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Salvatore G, Mazzanti G 1999. Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia. Planta Med 65(8):700-3.  

Summary: True lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and its two main components, linalool and linalyl acetate, were tested for pain-killing activity. All three substances drastically
reduced contractions of a rat nerve preparation and had significant anaesthetic action on the conjunctival reflex of living rabbits.  These responses were all
dose-dependent. The researchers concluded that the local anesthetic activity of lavender essential oil was confirmed.

Saeki Y (2000).  The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial. Complement Ther Med 8(1):2-7.

Summary: This clinical trial studied young women who sat with their feet soaking in hot water for 10 minutes.  The effects of a foot bath with lavender e.o. was compared
with the effects of a foot bath without oil. Parasympathetic nerve activity increased significantly during both types of foot bath, but the lavender e.o. caused the
changes to last longer (towards relaxation).

 

Cornwell, S. and A. Dale. 1995. Lavender oil and perineal repair. Mod Midwife 5(3):31–33.

Summary: A summary of this letter is not currently available.

Dale, A. and S. Cornwell. 1994. The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial. J Adv Nurs 19(1):89–96.

Summary: A summary of this letter is not currently available.

Effects on wounds

Hartman D, Coetzee JC. (2002).  Two US practitioners' experience of using essential oils for wound care. J Wound Care 118 317-20.

This This article describes the results of using lavender and chamomile essential oils on chronic wounds. The study compared 5 patients using essential oil therapy to 3
controls using only conventional therapy. Lavender and chamomile were combined and diluted in a grapeseed oil carrier base. The recipients of essential oil
t reatment did better than those who received only conventional treatment.  The authors conclude that essential oils have a promising role to play in chronic
wound care, but randomized controlled clinical trials are needed. (Essentics note: lavender and chamomile are in our Wound Care blend).

Last updated 03.24.05

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